1. Name the bone-forming cells.
Osteoblasts
2. Why is zona glomerulosa fail to synthesize sex steroids?
Due to lack of enzyme 17 alpha hydroxylase
3. What is the cause for severe congenital adrenal hyperplasia in newborn babies?
Loss of function of steroidogenic accurate regulatory protein (StAR)
4. What condition is caused by prolonged increase in plasma glucocorticoid?
Cushing’s syndrome
5. If 11 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 enzyme is absent, cortisol mimicks mineralocorticoid property, what is this syndrome?
Apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME)
6. Name the renin secreting cells in the kidney.
Juxtaglomerular cells surrounding the afferent arteriole
7. What is the syndrome of excess androgen that causes masculinization?
Androgenital syndrome
8. What is the alternative name of hyperaldosteronism?
9. What is Addison’s disease?
Primary adrenal insufficiency (destruction of adrenal cortex)
10. Primary adrenal insufficiency is due to adrenal cortical disease what is the cause of tertiary adrenal insufficiency?
Disruption of CRH secretion-hypothalamic disorder
11. What is the precursor of steroid hormone 1,25-Dihydroxy cholecalciferol?
Vitamin D
12. What is the normal plasma calcium level?
9 – 11 mg/dL
13. Name two characteristics of bones.
Compact and trabecular or spongy
14. How do bones get its nutrition?
Canaluculi, trabeculae and Haversian canals
15. Name the part pf the bone that is active for proliferation.
Epiphyseal plate
16. What are osteoclasts?
Cells responsible for bone resorption
17. In the bone, which cells are modified fibroblasts?
Osteoblasts
18. Name the bone cells that belong to the monocyte family.
Osteoclasts
19. Name the proton pump between bone and osteoclast that is responsible for acidification during bone resorption
H+ -dependent ATPases
20. What is measured in the urine as an index of the rate of bone resorption?
Pyridinoline level.
( UMS, 2008 )
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